The topic of this post isn't necessarily relevant to law school advocacy competitions, except to the extent that many moot court competition problems would, if occurring the real world, be subject to an argument that the appeal is frivolous. And that's not all that big of a deal, really, because the overall objective of an advocacy competition is to provide a forum for students to develop their skills. But still, I often chuckle when reading a problem that has some sort of "fatal error" -- be it a standing problem, jurisdictional issue, or just some general flaw that makes either the underlying case or its appeal completely ridiculous by real world standards.
Well, it doesn't happen often, but two days ago the Second Appellate District (Division Two) of the California Court of Appeal
held an appeal to be frivolous and sanctioned the appealing parties (which happened to include Toyota Motor Company) a half-stack of
high society.
I'm a little surprised by the
opinion. The court does identify some alarming problems; it writes that "Appellant's brief is rife with legal and factual errors," which apparently included misstating the standard of review and mischaracterizing at least one witness's testimony. But if that's true, I'm not sure that makes the appeal "frivolous." The attorneys might have violated California's professional conduct rules, but I don't see how that makes the appeal itself inappropriate.
The Court's real problem with the Appellant was apparently the same problem the trial judge had -- that the Defendant, during discovery, denied requests for admission on topics that the jury ultimately decided in Plaintiff's favor.
The case was fairly vanilla; Plaintiff alleged that Defendant was negligent when he ran her over with his car in a crosswalk. Defendant denied liability, and during discovery, Plaintiff served him with several requests for admission, most of which effectively asked the Defendant to admit liability (i.e., "Admit this accident was caused solely by you" and "Admit you violated Vehicle Code Section 21950(a)"). Defendant denied the requests, but the jury ultimately found for the Plaintiff to the tune of nearly $625K.
Aside from entering a judgment on the jury's award, the trial court also awarded the Plaintiff the seemingly fake amount of $123,455 (how made up is that???) to cover attorney's fees, expert fees, costs, and other expenses that the Plaintiff wouldn't have had to incur had the Defendant just admitted liability through the RFAs.
Apparently, the trial court (as well as the appellate court) believed that the evidence was so overwhelming that the Defendant could not have, in good faith, denied the RFAs. That may have been true (I don't think any of us can really say without examining the record), but here's the thing: Were the requests appropriate in the first place?
It always annoys me when opposing lawyers send over requests for admission that essentially go to the disputed issues in the case. Here in Texas and under the Federal Rules (I can't speak to any other state, as I've never practiced anywhere else), the specific purpose of the RFA as a discovery tool is to eliminate matters about which there is no real controversy -- things like genuineness of documents, the identity of the owners of a piece of property, whether a signature on a document is valid, whether and when notice was given, etc. The purpose is most definitely NOT to try to win your case. In other words, you don't get to make people "admit" conclusions, opinions, and statements of subjective intent. In the same way we don't expect people to admit that they're liable in their pleadings, we don't expect people to admit that they're liable in a request for admission -- that's why we have trials, after all.
If the Defendant did not believe himself to be at fault, and did not believe himself to have violated any statutes or standards of behavior, then why should he have to admit it as much before the trial even takes place? Doesn't he get to go have his day in court? And considering that it's the Plaintiff who has the burden of proof, isn't it at least
reasonable to allow the Defendant to make the Plaintiff prove it? In this case, the jury also found the Plaintiff herself to be negligent. Doesn't that go to show that perhaps the Defendant wasn't all that far off in denying liability?
Anyway, some interesting issues there, I think. Like I said, you don't often see an appellate court hold an appeal to be frivolous. In this instance, I'm not sure the court got it right.